针对LASG/IAP发展的大气环流模式GAMIL(Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG)的两个版本GAMIL2(G2)和GAMIL3(G3),评估了其对热带降水气候态以及对流垂直结构的模拟能力,在此基础上探究了新版本模式降水模拟改进的原因以及热带对流垂直结构与降水模拟偏差的关系。两个版本的GAMIL模式都较好地捕捉到了热带降水的主要特征,且G3的模拟结果整体优于G2。新版本的主要改进在于显著减小了热带西北太平洋正降水偏差。水汽收支诊断显示,模式降水偏差主要来源于蒸发项和水汽垂直平流动力项,而后者的偏差则来自于对流强度和对流垂直结构的共同作用。对流垂直结构偏差主要存在于赤道印度洋与赤道大西洋区域,表现为大气低层辐合分量偏小,对流卷出层高度偏高;在热带西北太平洋与赤道东太平洋区域,模式较好地还原了典型的“头重型”和“脚重型”对流垂直结构,但依然存在有整体性的对流偏深。湿静力能(MSE)收支显示,热带西北太平洋区域过量的净能量通量是模式垂直运动偏差的主要来源。而对流垂直结构偏深造成的总湿稳定度(Gross Moist Stability,简称GMS)偏大,在一定程度上抵消了模式中的净能量通量偏差,抑制了模拟的对流强度。诊断结果显示,G3中热带西北太平洋区域的降水改善主要源于对流强度正偏差的减小。G3中对流阈值和层云阈值的下调,使得对流发生频率增加,从而抑制了过大的对流强度。热带对流垂直结构与降水偏差有着紧密且多样的联系,在未来模式发展中应当予以重视。
This study evaluates the performance of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG,version 3(GAMIL3),in simulating the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO),based on the CMIP6(phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project)AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)simulation.Results show that GAMIL3 reasonably captures the main features of the MJO,such as the eastward-propagating signal in the MJO frequency band,the symmetric and asymmetric structures of the MJO,several convectively coupled equatorial waves,and the MJO life cycle.However,GAMIL3 underestimates the MJO amplitude,especially for outgoing longwave radiation,as do most CMIP5 models,and simulates slow eastward propagation.
To investigate the impacts of uncertain parameters on simulated Pacific Walker circulation （PWC）, a large number of perturbed parameter simulations are conducted using GAMIL2 （the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG, version 2）, and three different PWC indices are selected.The results show that the influences of some parameters on PWC are dependent on the selected index - a finding supported by the inconsistent responses of different indexes to these parameters. Among the nine parameters, the RH threshold for deep convection （RHCRIT） is the most sensitive in simulating PWC. Increased RHCRIT weakens deep convective heating and stratiform cooling, and strengthens shallow convective heating. Further analysis reveals that uncertain parameters affect the simulated PWC through changing the diabatic heating and vertical motion.
Based on satellite data and the estimated inversion strength(EIS) derived by Wood et al.(2006), a feasible and uncomplicated stratocumulus scheme is proposed, referred to as EIS scheme. It improves simulation of cloud radiative forcing(CRF) in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG version 2(GAMIL2.0) model. When compared with the original lower troposphere stability(LTS) scheme, the EIS scheme reproduces more reasonable climatology distributions of clouds and CRF. The parameterization partly corrects CRF underestimation at mid and high latitudes and overestimation in the convective region. Such improvements are achieved by neglecting the effect of free-tropospheric stratification changes that follow a cooler moist adiabat at middle and high latitude, thereby improving simulated cloudiness. The EIS scheme also improves simulation of the CRF interannual variability. The positive net CRF and negative stratiform anomaly in the East Asian and western North Pacific monsoon regions(EAWNPMR) are well simulated. The EIS scheme is more sensitive to sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) than the LTS. Therefore, under the effect of a warmer SSTA in the EAWNPMR, the EIS generates a stronger negative stratiform response, which reduces radiative heating in the low and mid troposphere, in turn producing strong subsidence and negative anomalies of both moisture and cloudiness. Consequent decreases in cloud reflection and shading effects ultimately improve simulation of incoming surface shortwave radiative fluxes and CRF. Because of the stronger subsidence, a stronger anomalous anticyclone over the Philippines Sea is simulated by the EIS run, which leads to a better positive precipitation anomaly in eastern China during ENSO winter.
The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2 （GAMIL2） has been developed through upgrading the deep convection parameterization, cumulus cloud fraction and two-moment cloud microphys- ical scheme, as well as changing some of the large uncertain parameters. In this paper, its performance is evaluated, and the results suggest that there are some significant improvements in GAMIL2 compared to the previous version GAMIL1, for example, the components of the energy budget at the top of atmosphere （TOA） and surface; the geographic distribution of shortwave cloud radiative forcing （SWCF）; the ratio of stratiform versus total rainfall; the response of atmospheric circulation to the tropical ocean; and the east- ward propagation and spatiotemporal structures of the Madden Julian Oscillation （MJO）. Furthermore, the indirect aerosols effect （IAE） is -0.94 W m-2, within the range of 0 to -2 W m-2 given by the IPCC 4th Assessment Report （2007）. The influence of uncertain parameters on the MJO and radiation fluxes is also discussed.
A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG （GAMIL） as an effort to enhance the model＇s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable rep- resentation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. ~rthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.
GAMIL2.0 is the newly released version of the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG(GAMIL),in which the major modifications from GAMIL1.0 include an updated deep convection scheme and the incorporation of a two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme.This study evaluates the performances of both versions on Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO) simulations.The results show that GAMIL2.0 obtains an enhanced MJO eastward and northward propagation,which is weak in GAMIL1.0,and it reproduces a more reasonable MJO major structure coupling upper level wind,lower level wind,and outgoing long wave radiation.The contributions of each scheme and factor to the improvement of GAMIL2.0 simulations need further study.
The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparisons Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator Package (COSP) is adopted in the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL2) during CFMIP at Phase II to evaluate the model cloud fractions in a consistent way with satellite observations. The cloud simulation results embedded in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) control experiment are presented using three satellite simulators: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar onboard the Cloud- Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). Overall, GAMIL2 can produce horizontal distributions of the low cloud fraction that are similar to the satellite observations, and its similarities to the observations on different levels are shown in Taylor diagrams. The discrepancies among satellite observations are also shown, which should be considered during evaluation.
