通过田间小区试验,研究NAM添加剂在水稻减氮施肥的情况下,对土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量、水稻产量以及氮肥利用率的影响,旨在验证利用NAM添加剂减少当地水稻施氮量的可行性。结果表明,施用NAM添加剂,在一定的时间内,使土壤NH4+-N保持较高的水平,延缓土壤NH4+-N向NO3--N的转化,减少氮素损失,从而保证总有效氮能够满足作物后期的生长需要。NAM添加剂能够有效地增加水稻产量,常规施肥不添加NAM处理的产量为9676.93 kg hm-2,与常规施肥添加NAM的处理差异显著,而与减氮20%添加NAM处理差异不显著。与常规施肥氮肥利用率33.94%相比,NAM添加剂能够将氮肥的利用率提高到40.58%,并且氮肥的利用率随着施氮量的减少而增加。研究试验表明,在欲节氮减肥的水稻生产中,NAM不失为一种理想的添加剂。
Soil water-retention characteristics at measurement scales are generally different from those at application scales, and there is scale disparity between them and soil physical properties. The relationships between two water-retention parameters, the scaling parameter related to the inverse of the air-entry pressure （avG, cm- 1） and the curve shape factor related to soil pore-size distribution （n） of the van Genuchten water-retention equation, and soil texture （sand, silt, and clay contents） were examined at multiple scales. One hundred twenty-eight undisturbed soil samples were collected from a 640-m transect located in Fuxin, China. Soil water-retention curves were measured and the van Genuchten parameters were obtained by curve fitting. The relationships between the two parameters and soil texture at the observed scale and at multiple scales were evaluated using Pearson correlation and joint multifractal analyses, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the parameter c^vG was significantly correlated with sand, silt, and clay contents at the observed scale. Joint multifractal analyses, however, indicated that the parameter ~vG was not correlated with silt and sand contents at multiple scales. The parameter n was positively correlated with clay content at multiple scales. Sand content was significantly correlated with the parameter n at the observed scale but not at multiple scales. Clay contents were strongly correlated to both water-retention parameters because clay content was relatively low in the soil studied, indicating that water retention was dominated by clay content in the field of this study at all scales. These suggested that multiple-scale analyses were necessary to fully grasp the spatial variability of soil water-retention characteristics.
WANG Zheng-YingSHU Qiao-ShengXIE Li-YaLIU Zuo-XinB. C. SI
