Community detection is a fundamental work to analyse the structural and functional properties of complex networks. The label propagation algorithm （LPA） is a near linear time algorithm to find a good community structure. Despite various subsequent advances, an important issue of this algorithm has not yet been properly addressed. Random update orders within the algorithm severely hamper the stability of the identified community structure. In this paper, we executed the basic label propagation algorithm on networks multiple times, to obtain a set of consensus partitions. Based on these consensus partitions, we created a consensus weighted graph. In this consensus weighted graph, the weight value of the edge was the proportion value that the number of node pairs allocated in the same cluster was divided by the total number of partitions. Then, we introduced consensus weight to indicate the direction of label propagation. In label update steps, by computing the mixing value of consensus weight and label frequency, a node adopted the label which has the maximum mixing value instead of the most frequent one. For extending to different networks, we introduced a proportion parameter to adjust the proportion of consensus weight and label frequency in computing mixing value. Finally, we proposed an approach named the label propagation algorithm with consensus weight （LPAcw）, and the experimental results showed that the LPAcw could enhance considerably both the stability and the accuracy of community partitions.
The Internet of Things(IoT)has been evolving for more than a decade.Technological advancements have increased its popularity,but concerns and risks related to IoT are growing considerably along with the increased number of connected devices.In 2013,a new cryptography-based infrastructure called blockchain emerged with the potential to replace the existing cloud-based infrastructure of IoT through decentralization.In this article,we provide a taxonomy of the challenges in the current IoT infrastructure,and a literature survey with a taxonomy of the issues to expect in the future of the IoT after adopting blockchain as an infrastructure.The two architectures are compared based on their strengths and weaknesses.Then a brief survey of ongoing key research activities in blockchain is presented,which will have considerable impact on overcoming the challenges encountered in the applicability of blockchain in IoT.Finally,considering the challenges and issues in both infrastructures and the latest research activities,we propose a high-level hybrid IoT approach that uses the cloud,edge/fog,and blockchain together to avoid the limitations of each infrastructure.
Raheel Ahmed MEMONJian Ping LIJunaid AHMEDMuhammad Irshad NAZEERMuhammad ISMAILKhursheed ALI
