Mobile ad hoc networks rely on the cooperation of nodes for routing and forwarding. However, it may not be advantageous for individual nodes to cooperate. In order to make the mobile ad hoc network more robust, we propose a scheme called HEAD (a hybrid mechanism to enforce node cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks) to make the misbehavior unattractive. HEAD is an improvement to OCEAN (observation-based cooperation enforcement in ad hoc networks). It employs only first hand information and works on the top of DSR (dynamic source routing) protocol. By interacting with the DSR, HEAD can detect the misbehavior nodes in the packet forwarding process and isolate them in the route discovery process. In order to detect the misbehavior nodes quickly, HEAD introduces the warning message. In this paper, we also classify the misbehavior nodes into three types:malicious nodes, misleading nodes, and selfish nodes. They all can be detected by HEAD, and isolated from the network.
In view of the problems and the weaknesses of component-based software （ CBS ） reliability modeling and analysis, and a lack of consideration for real debugging circumstance of integration tes- ting, a CBS reliability process analysis model is proposed incorporating debugging time delay, im- perfect debugging and limited debugging resources. CBS integration testing is formulated as a multi- queue muhichannel and finite server queuing model （MMFSQM） to illustrate fault detection process （FDP） and fault correction process （FCP）. A unified FCP is sketched, given debugging delay, the diversities of faults processing and the limitations of debugging resources. Furthermore, the impacts of imperfect debugging on fault detection and correction are explicitly elaborated, and the expres- sions of the cumulative number of fault detected and corrected are illustrated. Finally, the results of numerical experiments verify the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed model. By comparison, the proposed model is superior to the other models. The proposed model is closer to real CBS testing process and facilitates software engineer＇ s quantitatively analyzing, measuring and predicting CBS reliability. K
This paper presents software reliability growth models(SRGMs) with change-point based on the stochastic differential equation(SDE).Although SRGMs based on SDE have been developed in a large scale software system,considering the variation of failure distribution in the existing models during testing time is limited.These SDE SRGMs assume that failures have the same distribution.However,in practice,the fault detection rate can be affected by some factors and may be changed at certain point as time proceeds.With respect to this issue,in this paper,SDE SRGMs with changepoint are proposed to precisely reflect the variations of the failure distribution.A real data set is used to evaluate the new models.The experimental results show that the proposed models have a fairly accurate prediction capability.
