以杂交粳稻常优5号为材料,设置未施氮肥处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等4种栽培模式,观察其对水稻不同生育期根系形态生理和地上部生长的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式下水稻产量差异极显著。超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培两年的平均产量分别为12.29 t hm–2和9.62 t hm–2,平均分别较对照增产41.4%和10.7%。上述两种栽培模式的氮肥农学利用率(每kg施氮量增加的产量)分别较对照增加80.7%和76.8%,灌溉水利用效率分别较对照提高62.1%和32.3%。与对照相比,超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培均增加了水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、根干重、根长,提高了粒叶比,改善了库源关系,并提高了根冠比与根系伤流量。同时也提高了灌浆期剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积,生育中后期根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中的玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量、灌浆期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性。这说明,通过栽培技术的集成与优化可以提高水稻灌浆期根系和地上部的生理活性,促进水稻高产与水分养分高效利用。
In 1996,China launched a program to breed super rice or super hybrid rice by combining intersubspecific heterosis with ideal plant types.Today,approximately 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them show high grain yields of 12-21 t/hm2 in field experiments.The main reasons for the high yields of super rice varieties,compared with those of conventional varieties,can be summarized as follows:more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size (number of spikelets per square meter);larger leaf area index,longer duration of green leaf,greater photosynthetic rate,higher lodging resistance,greater dry matter accumulation before the heading stage,greater remobilization of pre-stored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain-filling period;and larger root system and greater root activity.However,there are two main problems in super rice production:poor grain-filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to earlier-flowering superior spikelets),and low and unstable seed-setting rate.Here,we review recent research advances in the crop physiology of super rice,focusing on biological features,formation of yield components,and population quality.Finally,we suggest further research on crop physiology of super rice.