本研究利用开放式空气中CO2浓度增加（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,FACE）试验平台,研究CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1下,水稻灌浆早期籽粒大小、生长速率、可溶性碳水化合物和淀粉含量及蔗糖转化酶活性等在开花后20 d内的变化动态.结果表明,与对照相比,FACE处理加快了灌浆早期籽粒的发育进程,尤其加快了籽粒宽度达到最大的日程,籽粒大小和籽粒灌浆速率提前3 d达到最大值;成熟时籽粒的长宽积FACE下的比对照下的提高了4.5%,但粒重无差异;FACE下开花后2～5 d内籽粒中的还原糖和蔗糖的含量及细胞壁转化酶和细胞质转化酶的活性显著高于对照下的,但淀粉含量和可溶性酸性转化酶活性则无显著差异.从结果推论,FACE加速水稻灌浆前期籽粒生长发育与其花后早期颖果内蔗糖合成和转运水平之间可能存在内在联系.
To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker linkage map of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from a cross between a japonica variety Asominori and an indica variety IR24 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment （FACE, 200 μmol/mol above current levels） and current CO2 concentration （Ambient, about 370 μmol/mol）. Three flag-leaf traits, flag-leaf length （LL）, width （LW） and the ratio of LL to LW （RLW）, were estimated for each CSSL and their parental varieties. The differences in LL, LW and RLW between parents and in LL and LW within IR24 between FACE and Ambient were significant at 1% level. The continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of LL, LW and RLW were also observed in CSSL population, showing that the three traits were quantitatively inherited under both FACE and Ambient. A total of 16 QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 with LOD （Log10-1ikelihood ratio） scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.7. Among them, four QTLs （qLL-6＊, qLL-8＊ qLW-4＊ and qRLW-6＊） were commonly detected under both FACE and Ambient. Therefore, based on the different responses to elevated CO2 in comparison with current CO2 level, it can be suggested that the expressions of several QTLs associated with flag-leaf shape in rice could be induced by the high CO2 level.
FAN Gui-zhiDONG Yan-junWANG Chun-mingWAN Jian-minXIE HuiXU Chang-liangZHU Jian-guoCAI Qing-sheng
Elevated atmospheric CO2 can influence soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. The effects of free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） and N fertilization on soil organic C （Corg）, dissolved organic C （DOC）, microbial biomass C （Cmic） and soil basal respiration （SBR） were investigated in a Chinese wheat field after expose to elevated CO2 for four full years. The results indicated that elevated CO2 has stimulative effects on soil C concentrations regardless of N fertilization. Following the elevated CO2, the concentrations of Corg and SBR were increased at wheat jointing stage, and those of DOC and Cmic were enhanced obviously across the wheat jointing stage and the fallow period after wheat harvest. On the other hand, N fertilization did not significantly affect the content of soil C. Significant correlations were found among DOC, Cmic, and SBR in this study.
利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment,FACE）平台,研究了低氮（LN）和常氮（NN）水平下,大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高对小麦叶片水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸含量的影响随供氮水平的不同而有所差异。低氮下小麦通过提高叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性（30.1%）而使其含量均显著增加,增幅分别达33.7%、119.6%、26.7%、39.9%和28.6%;而常氮下PAL活性和酚酸类含量变化均未达显著水平。可见,大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦酚酸类物质代谢的影响受氮水平的调控,在未来CO2浓度升高条件下,选择适宜的施肥水平将显得更为重要。此外,总酚含量与水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量变化趋势基本一致,且总酚含量变化的79.6%~151.4%是由这几种酚酸含量变化引起的,说明CO2浓度升高使水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量增加是总酚含量增加的直接原因。低氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高将通过改变酚酸类物质代谢而间接影响小麦与伴生杂草的关系。
利用中国唯一的无锡FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度升高)平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO2浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高显著降低β-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO2浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO2浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO2浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和β-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO2浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO2浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO2浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO2浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO2浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。
To study the effects of growing rice （Oryza sativa L.） leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO2 during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes in photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation, enzyme activities （sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS）, and sucrose synthase （SS））, and their specific gene （spsl and RSusl） expressions in both mature and developing leaf were measured. Rice seedlings with fully expanded sixth leaf （marked as the source leaf, L6） were kept in elevated （700 μmol/mol） and ambient （350 mol/L） CO2 until the 7th leaf （marked as the sink leaf, L7） fully expanded. The results demonstrated that elevated CO2 significantly increased the rate of leaf elongation and biomass accumulation of L7 during the treatment without affecting the growth of L6. However, in both developing and mature leaves, net photosynthetic assimilation rate （A）, all kinds of photosynthate contents such as starch, sucrose and hexose, activities of SPS and SS and transcript levels of spsl and RSusl were significantly increased under elevated CO2 condition. Results suggested that the elevated CO2 had facilitated photosynthate assimilation, and increased photosynthate supplies from the source leaf to the sink leaf, which accelerated the growth and sink-source transition in new developing sink leaves. The mechanisms of SPS regulation by the elevated CO2 was also discussed.
Jun-Ying LiXing-Hua LiuQing-Sheng CaiHui GuShan-Shan ZhangYan-Yan WuChun-Jiao Wang
