Dam break can cause a significant disaster in the downstream, especially, in a valley with cascade reservoirs, which would aggravate the disaster extent. The experimental studies of the dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs are few and far between at the present, Most of related studies concern the failure of a single dam.. This article presents an experimental study of the characteristics of an instantly filled dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs in a rectangular glass flume with a steep bottom slope. A new method was used to simulate the sudden collapse of the dam. A series of sensors for automatic water-levels were deployed to record the rapid water depth fluctuation. The experimental results show that, the ratio of the initial water depth of the downstream reservoir to that of the upstream reservoir would greatly affect the flood peak water depth in the downstream reservoir area and in the stream channel behind the downstream dam, while the influence of the dam spacing is insignificant. In addition, the comparison between the single reservoir and the cascade reservoirs shows some difference in the dam-break flow pattern and the stage hydrograph at the corresponding gauging points.
With the development of ski-jump energy dissipation for high and large discharge among the hydraulic projects,the effects of characteristics of water flow on energy dissipation are increasingly important.In the present study,the effects of aeration and the initial water thickness on axial velocity attenuation of jet flow were analyzed,using variance analysis and numerical calculated methods.From the analysis of test data,both of the air concentration and initial water thickness are sensitive factors for the axial velocity attenuation of jet flow along the axial way,and there is no significant interaction effect between the aeration and initial water thickness.Aeration has a more significant effect on the axial velocity attenuation of jet flow.Decreasing the initial water thickness of jet flow can reduce the length of jet core,and make the initial position of axial velocity attenuation closer to the nozzle exit.The numerical calculation results show that aeration can contribute to the enhancement of entrainment ability of jet flow,which may improve the interaction between jet flow and surroundings.For ski-jump energy dissipation among the hydraulic projects,combining aeration with decreasing initial water thickness of jet flow is an effective way to enhance the rate of axial velocity attenuation.
This paper presents results of model tests for the landslide dam failure of a single dam and cascade dams in a sloping channel. The dams were designed to be regular trapezoid with fine sand. A new measuring method named the labeled line locating method was used to digitalize the captured instantaneous pictures. Under two different inflow discharges, the morphological evolution and the flow patterns during one dam failure and the failure of cascade dams were investigated. The results indicate that when the inflow discharge is large, the deformation pattern of the downstream dam is similar to that of the upstream dam, and both dams are characterized with the overtopping scour throughout the dam failure process. When the inflow discharge is small, the upstream dam is scoured mainly through a sluice slot formed by the longitudinal incision, and the downstream dam is characterized with the overtopping scour. The data set presented in this paper can be used for the validation of numerical models and provide a reference for the flood risk management of cascade landslide dams.
The velocities at given points in the volute chamber,the contracted section and the vertical dropshaft of a discharge tunnel with vortex drop were measured by a small specially designed L-shaped tube,as Laser Doppler Velocimetry（LDV） or Particle Image Velocimetry（PIV） would not work there due to the special structure of the discharge tunnel with vortex drop.Hydraulic empirical formulas were proposed to predict the velocities and the angles of the velocities made with the vertical direction θ.The theoretical analysis results were in good agreement with experimental data.Therefore,the method proposed in this paper can be used to analyze related characteristics of discharge tunnels with vortex drop.Additionally,different model scales were considered to predict the cavitation characteristics on the wall of a dropshaft in practical engineering.
CHEN Hua-yong XU Wei-lin DENG Jun NIU Zhi-pan LIU Shan-jun WANG Wei
