国际海洋生物普查计划(Census of Marine Life,CoML)是一个在全球尺度上评估和解释海洋生物分布、丰度和多样性的国际计划。重点介绍了国际海洋生物普查计划的背景、发展策略、研究项目、采用的新技术与方法以及我国CoML的筹备和发展,旨在提供海洋生物多样性最新研究动态,为相关领域的研究与决策提供参考。
Mass occurrence of Salpafusiformis June 2007. In order to investigate its population was observed in the Southern Yellow Sea in May and recruitment and environmental adaptation, temporal variation of abundance, diel vertical migration （DVM） and length frequency distribution of both aggregate and solitary forms were studied with samples collected from eight months during September 2006 to August 2007. S. fusiformis presented in six months other than September and October 2006, and average abundance of aggregate and solitary forms peaked in June and May, respectively. In December, aggregate forms were absent in the bottom layer and performed irregular DVM from surface to 50 m depth, while solitary forms was too scarce to perform diel vertical distribution analysis. Both aggregate and solitary forms presented reverse DVM in May and June. They migrated upwards during daytime and concentrated in surface layer at sunset. The bimodal distribution of aggregate forms was found in April and the average size was largest in this month. In other months, the smaller aggregate forms （1-5 ram） dominated in populations except for May, when the modal size ranged from 2 to 8 mm. The average size of solitary forms was largest in December, followed by April. The skewed nomal distribution of solitary forms was found in May and June, with the modal size of 2-7 mm and 5-13 ram, respectively.
We studied the role of sophorolipid in inhibiting harmful algae bloom （HAB）. Different sophorolipid concentrations were tested on marine microalgae, zooplankton, fish, and bivalve （Mytilus edulis） in laboratory. The result shows that sophorolipid could inhibit the growth of algal species selectively. Among three algae species selected, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis was promoted with increasing sophorolipid concentration; Isochrysis galbana was inhibited seven days later in sophorolipid concentration below 40 mg/L; and Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima was inhibited obviously in only a high sophorolipid concentration over 20 mg/L. Therefore, sophorolipid in a low concentration at 〈20 mg/L could remove certain harmful algae species effectivelywithout harming other non-harmful microalgae. For other animals, sophorolipid could inhibit the growth of ciliate Strombidium sp. by 50% at 20 mg/L sophorolipid concentration after 96 h. The concentration in 96-h LC50 for Calanus sinicus, Neomysis awatschensis, Lateolabrax japonicus, and Paralichthys olivaceus was 15, 150, 60, and 110 mg/L, respectively. The 24 h LC50 value for Arternia salina was 600 mg/L. The relative clearance rate of mussel Mytilus edulis decreased to 80%, 40%, and 20% of the control group after being exposed to 20, 50, and 100 mg/L sophorolipid for 24 h. Therefore, the toxicity for mitigation of harmful algae bloom at previously recommended concentration of 5-20 mg/L sophorolipid is low for most tested organisms in this reaserch.
Differences among species in prosome length and in species' response to environmental factors do exist. Therefore, it is useful to examine prosome length for different copepod species in variable environments. Seasonal variations in prosome length of four small copepods and their copepodite stages in the Jiaozhou Bay were compared and the relative influence of temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll concentration were examined. Two peaks were found in the mean prosome length of Paracalanus parvus (in early winter and May). For Acartia bifilosa, the maximum values of all copepodites occurred mainly from February to April, and decreased to the bottom in July. Prosome length of Acartia pacifica peaked when it first appeared in June, then reached to the minimum in July. Parvocalanus crassirostris only appeared from late summer to autumn and the mean prosome length showed no clear changes. Correlations of adult prosome length with environmental factors were evaluated. For the four species, temperature was negatively correlated to prosome length except for P. crassirostris. But the different species varied markedly in their responds to temperature. A. bifilosa showed a more definite trend of size variation with temperature than P. parvus and A. pacifica. Correlations of prosome length with salinity were significantly positive for almost all the small copepods. The relationship between chlorophyll concentration and prosome length was complicated for these copepods, but for P. parvus, chlorophyll concentration was also an important affecting factor. Furthermore, investigation needs to be done on food quality for some copepod. These results are essential to estimate the biomass and the production, and to understand these small copepods' population dynamics in this human-affected bay.
目前由于越来越多的人类活动或气候的变化使海洋生态系统发生了很大的变化,在全球的许多海湾和海区出现胶质浮游动物(Gelatinous zooplankton)水母数量增加甚至暴发的事件(Jellyfish and ctenophore bloom),使得部分能量传递从原来的鱼类到了水母类.我国近海也出现了类似现象,并有逐年加重的趋势.基于此,水母生态学的相关研究已成为全球海洋浮游生态学的研究热点之一.文中分别从导致水母暴发的可能性原因、水母暴发后对人类和海洋生态系统的影响等方面对国内外的有关水母生态学的研究现状做一回顾和总结,并提出今后我国水母类生态学的发展方向.
桡足类在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着关键作用,其种群变动影响着初级生产及以浮游生物为食的鱼类的变动。同时,由于部分桡足类的卵及无节幼体是多种经济鱼类仔稚鱼的开口饵料,因此其作为养殖饵料的开发在国内外也引起了关注。纺锤水蚤(Acartia sp.)分布于世界各地的近岸海域,适应力强,很多种都有根据环境条件的改变而产休眠卵的机制。纺锤水蚤作为仔鱼饵料已经受到了广泛关注并在澳大利亚、日本等地区进行了应用性研究(Ikeda,1973;Schipp et al.,1999;McKinnon et al.,2003)。
