This paper indicates the problem of the famous Riemann hypothesis (RH), which has been well-verified by a definite answering method using a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) phase. We adopt mathematical induction, mappings, and laser photons governed by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to examine the existence of the RH. In considering the well-developed as Riemann zeta function, we find that the existence of RH has a corrected and self-consistent solution. Specifically, there is the only one pole at s = 1 on the complex plane for Riemann’s functions, which generalizes to all non-trivial zeros while s > 1. The essential solution is based on the BEC phases and on the nature of the laser photon(s). This work also incorporates Heisenberg commutators [ x^,p^]=1/2in the field of quantum mechanics. We found that a satisfactory solution for the RH would be incomplete without the formalism of Heisenberg commutators, BEC phases, and EIT effects. Ultimately, we propose the application of qubits in connection with the RH.
The radical hypothesis concerning the physics of gravitational black-body radiation is placed on a more solid statistical mechanics foundation in this study. As the concepts and formalism in the former presentation are only partially developed and furthermore, suffer from an unfortunate misstep regarding Hawking radiation and the hypothetical gravitational black-body temperature of a parcel or distribution of energy;this paper aims to fill in some of the theoretical gaps in the derivation of the Planck radiation formula for gravity (or non-Euclidean space-time), and there by provide a more complete and transparent quantum theory of thermal gravitational radiation.
The cosmological constant, Λ, represents dark energy. The dark energy hypothesis (DEH) replaces Λ with a variable quantity, the cosmological parameter: Λ=1a2η2In this formula, “a” is the scale factor and η the conformal time: adη = cdt. A companion paper (DEH II) develops and explores a cosmological model with this variable parameter. This paper portrays the origin of the cosmological parameter in the uncoupling of time and space in the early universe from a prior state in which the comoving coordinates x0 = η and x1 = χ, the cosmic latitude, are coupled. In this hypothesis dark matter is a co-product of the decoupling, but its nature remains mysterious.
The article develops a cosmological model based on a hypothesis that dark energy is a cosmological variable rather than a constant. A companion paper (DEH I) derives a formula for this variable cosmological parameter as well as an argument that the early universe produces it and dark matter. The developed model leads to a series of self-consistent results including a prediction that provides a test for it. The results include comparisons of the DEH and the ΛCDM theory.
Visual cues are important in both interspecific and intraspecific communication.The species confidence hypothesis proposes that animals are more attracted to conspecific colors and repelled by colors,not on their bodies.Studies on terrestrial lizards and birds have tested the species confidence hypothesis and shown that conspecific colors elicit reduced antipredator behavior.To date,the species confidence hypothesis has not been tested in the marine environment,specifically on coral reefs where color communication is of vital importance.We addressed this knowledge gap by measuring flight initiation distance(the distance an individual moves away from an approaching threat)in dusky damselfish(Stegastes nigricans)in response to an approaching disc of 1 of 4 different color treatments:conspecific,blue,yellow,and black.If the species confidence hypothesis explained variation in damselfish flight initiation distance,then we expected individuals to tolerate closer approaches when approached by a conspecific color.In addition,we calculated the color difference between each stimulus and its corresponding back-ground as a potential alternative explanation for flight responses.Damselfish tolerated the closest approach from the conspecific color stimulus;there were no significant differences between other colors and there was no support for the alternative color difference hypothesis.As with similar terrestrial studies,these results are relevant to ecotourists'choice of swimsuit and wetsuit colors because color choice may modify naturalantipredatorbehavior.
Elle OversSydney StumpIsabel SeverinoDaniel T.Blumstein
Worldwide,the incidence of major depressive disorder(MDD)is increasing annually,resulting in greater economic and social burdens.Moreover,the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear,and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed.The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis,hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis hypothesis,cytokine hypothesis,neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis,but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD.Even it is still hard to adopt only one hypothesis to completely reveal the pathogenesis of MDD,thus in recent years,great progress has been made in elucidating the roles of multiple organ interactions in the pathogenesis MDD and identifying novel therapeutic approaches and multitarget modulatory strategies,further revealing the disease features of MDD.Furthermore,some newly discovered potential pharmacological targets and newly studied antidepressants have attracted widespread attention,some reagents have even been approved for clinical treatment and some novel therapeutic methods such as phototherapy and acupuncture have been discovered to have effective improvement for the depressive symptoms.In this work,we comprehensively summarize the latest research on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of MDD,preventive approaches and therapeutic medicines,as well as the related clinical trials.
The Porter Hypothesis,proposed by Michael E.Porter,suggests that stringent environmental regulations can enhance corporate innovation and competitiveness,challenging the traditional view that regulations increase business costs.It argues that regulations motivate firms to innovate,leading to improved productivity,cost reductions,and new market opportunities.However,there are proponents and critics in academia regarding the hypothesis.Supporters claim regulations change corporate behavior,reducing agency costs and boosting research and development.Critics argue that if win-win situations exist,businesses would naturally pursue them without regulatory incentives.Key challenges in proving or refuting the hypothesis include its various versions,the difficulty in quantifying innovation and competitiveness,the complex interplay between regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,and the varying impacts across industries and regions.Additionally,the effects may require a long time to manifest,and the hypothesis’s applicability is influenced by evolving environmental policies and market environments.Despite mixed empirical findings,the Porter Hypothesis provides a valuable framework for understanding the relationships among environmental regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,but its validation requires a more comprehensive assessment.