恶性黑色素瘤(malignant melanoma,MM)是一种起源于黑色素细胞的恶性肿瘤,占所有恶性肿瘤的 1%~3%,通常起源于皮肤或粘膜。原发性肺恶性黑色素瘤(primary malignant melanoma of the lung,PMML)极为罕见,占所有肺部肿瘤的 0.01%^([1])。在此,我们报告1例72 岁的女性PMML患者在支气管镜检查中发现支气管内色素肿块。
胸内淋巴结结核是少见的肺外结核形式,其发病率较低,常需要与恶性肿瘤、良性疾病或其他感染性疾病相鉴别。但由于痰中结核分枝杆菌的检出率较低,临床表现不明显,普通纤维支气管镜下表现无特殊性,影像学表现缺乏特异性,这使得它难以通过普通支气管镜、影像学与恶性肿瘤、结节病、淋巴瘤等疾病相互鉴别。超声支气管镜作为一个可以详细展现淋巴结内部结构的诊断工具,为分析淋巴结结核病变的区域、了解其内部结构特征,同时可以经细针穿刺获取病理活检提供了更为深入的视角。本文通过系统地回顾和分析国内外文献,总结了胸内淋巴结结核在超声内镜检查下及胸部CT的影像学特点,以及与转移瘤、结节病、淋巴瘤等其他纵隔疾病的鉴别要点;讨论了超声内镜对于提升胸内结核诊断准确率的重要性,旨在为临床医生提供实用的诊断思路和指南,进一步提高纵隔肺门淋巴结结核的确诊率。Intrathoracic lymph node tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis characterized by a low incidence. It often necessitates differentiation from malignant tumors, benign conditions, and other infectious diseases. However, the challenge lies in the low detection rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples, coupled with non-specific clinical manifestations and imaging findings that complicate diagnosis. The typical presentations observed during standard bronchoscopy are not distinctive, making it difficult to differentiate this condition from malignant tumors, sarcoidosis, and lymphoma through conventional bronchoscopy and imaging techniques. Ultrasonic bronchoscopy serves as an advanced diagnostic tool capable of providing detailed visualization of the internal structure of lymph nodes. This technique offers deeper insights into the characteristics of tuberculous lesions within lymph nodes and facilitates pathological biopsy via fine needle aspiration. This pa
