卢卡奇的总体性思想形成于20世纪初的社会动荡与理论反思中,深受第一次世界大战、俄国十月革命及资本主义危机的多重影响。该思想继承并改造了黑格尔的辩证法与马克思的唯物史观,强调将社会现实作为有机整体进行分析,以揭示资本主义物化与异化的本质,并寻求无产阶级解放的路径。卢卡奇的总体性思想标志着对传统马克思主义的革新,其以实践为基础、以阶级矛盾为动力的分析框架,为理解资本主义危机与探索社会主义道路提供了理论工具,至今仍具深远影响。Georg Lukács’s concept of totality emerged amidst the social upheavals and theoretical reflections of the early 20th century, profoundly shaped by the First World War, the Russian October Revolution, and the crises of capitalism. Rooted in a critical adaptation of Hegelian dialectics and Marxian historical materialism, this framework emphasizes analyzing social reality as an organic whole to expose the essence of capitalist reification and alienation, while charting a path for proletarian liberation. Lukács’s totality marks a transformative revision of orthodox Marxism, offering a practice-oriented analytical lens driven by class antagonism. It not only provided theoretical tools for understanding capitalist crises and envisioning socialist alternatives but continues to exert enduring influence on critical theory today.
在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》公开发表十年前,卢卡奇就在《历史与阶级意识》一书中提出了物化理论,和马克思的异化理论殊途同归,在精神实质上同向而行。他试图用马克思主义回答并解决资本主义快速发展而产生的社会问题,因此二者在概念界定、批判对象、理论结果和最终追求上相互联系。但由于二者时代不同,因此在思想渊源、理论出发点、概念区分和扬弃物化或异化的实现通路上有所不同。深入进行二者对比分析能够有效帮助我们把握物化理论和异化理论,对中国式现代化道路设计提供新的思考。Ten years before the public publication of the Economic-Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Lukács proposed the Theory of Reification in his book History and Class Consciousness, which is similar with Marx’s Theory of Alienation and goes in the same direction in its spiritual essence, trying to use Marxism to answer and solve the social problems arising from the rapid development of capitalism. Therefore, they are interrelated in terms of concept definition, object of criticism, theoretical results and ultimate pursuit. However, because of their different times, they differ in their ideological origins, theoretical starting points, conceptual distinctions, and ways to achieve the elimination of objectification or alienation. An in-depth comparative analysis of the two can effectively help us grasp the theories of reification and alienation and provide new thoughts on the design of the Chinese path to modernization.
卢卡奇对西方马克思主义起源与发展的深远影响,特别聚焦于其标志性著作《历史与阶级意识》。通过对西方马克思主义理论奠基之作——《历史与阶级意识》的细致分析,了解卢卡奇如何通过对“总体性”“阶级意识”和“物化”等概念的精辟论述,丰富并深化了马克思主义的理论框架,使其更加适应20世纪西方资本主义社会的复杂现实。同时将卢卡奇的理论应用于当代社会现象,揭示其理论对于理解当代资本主义危机、文化商品化以及新社会运动的深刻洞察力。从本体论、认识论、社会理论和政治策略等多种层面更全面地把握卢卡奇思想的深度与广度,以及其对理解现代社会问题的持久价值,展现卢卡奇作为理论家的卓越贡献。Lukács had a profound influence on the origin and development of Western Marxism, with a particular focus on his landmark work, “History and Class Consciousness”. Through a detailed analysis of “History and Class Consciousness”, the foundational work of Western Marxism, we can understand how Lukács enriched and deepened the theoretical framework of Marxism by providing incisive expositions of concepts such as “totality”, “class consciousness”, and “reification”, making it more suited to the complex realities of Western capitalist societies in the 20th century. Simultaneously, applying Lukács’s theory to contemporary social phenomena reveals its profound insights into understanding contemporary capitalist crises, cultural commodification, and new social movements. By comprehensively grasping the depth and breadth of Lukács’s thought from various perspectives such as ontology, epistemology, social theory, and political strategy, we can appreciate its enduring value in understanding modern social issues and showcase Lukács’s outstanding contributions as a theorist.
